PFDavg Calculation: 1oo1, 1oo2 & 2oo3 Formula, Calculator
Safety Systems PFDavg Calculation: 1oo1, 1oo2 and 2oo3 Formulas, Proof Test Interval, Beta Factor and a Solved SIL Example A safety function only earns its
Safety Systems
Communication
Modbus RTU Troubleshooting: CRC, No Response & Fault Table
Communication Modbus RTU Troubleshooting: Fix No Response, Timeouts, CRC Errors and Exception Codes on RS485 Networks, With a Symptom Table and Timing Calculator Most Modbus
Cybersecurity
OT vs IT Security: CIA vs AIC, IEC 62443 & Comparison Table
Cybersecurity OT vs IT Security: Key Differences in Priorities, Patching, Lifecycle, Protocols and Standards, With a Comparison Table and Downtime Calculator A firewall rule or
DCS
DCS vs PLC: Differences, Comparison Table & Selection Guide
DCS DCS vs PLC: Differences in I/O Count, Scan Time, Redundancy, Engineering Tools and Cost, With PAC Hybrids and Selection Examples The line between a
SCADA
SCADA vs DCS: Key Differences, Comparison Table & Calculator
SCADA SCADA vs DCS: Differences in Architecture, Control, Scan Rate, Redundancy, Cost and Industries, With a Selection Checklist SCADA and DCS both put plant data
PLC
PLC Troubleshooting: LED Codes, Fault Table & Calculator
PLC PLC Troubleshooting Steps: Status LEDs, I/O Fault Finding With a Multimeter, Error Codes, Scan Time and a Symptom Table Most PLC faults are found
Design
Instrument Tag Numbering: ISA 5.1 Letter Table & Examples
Design Instrument Tag Numbering as per ISA 5.1: Letter Codes, Loop Numbers, Prefixes and Worked Examples Every transmitter, switch and valve on a P&ID carries
Calibration
Calibration Error Calculation: Formula, Example & Calculator
Calibration Calibration Error Calculation: Percent of Span, Percent of Reading, Hysteresis and a 5 Point Solved Example A calibration sheet full of numbers means nothing
Control Valves
Control Valve Hunting: Causes, Trend Table & Gain Calculator
Control Valves Control Valve Hunting: Causes, Trend Patterns, Diagnosis Steps and Proven Fixes A valve that never settles wears out its packing, swings the process
Switches
Pressure Switch Wiring: NO vs NC, PLC Input & Fault Table
Switches Pressure Switch Wiring: NO vs NC Contacts, SPDT Terminals, PLC and Relay Connections, Fail Safe Logic and Troubleshooting A pressure switch has only three